11/12/2022
The Muslim Quarter is the largest and most densely populated neighborhood in the Old City of Jerusalem. It covers an area of 310,000 square meters and is located to the northeast of the city, with a population of 22,000 residents. It was first developed under King Herod the Great and took its current form during the Byzantine period. In the 12th century, it was conquered by the Crusaders, which is why the area is home to many Christian monuments and churches. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Mamluks undertook reconstruction, but by the 16th century, the neighborhood declined. The Muslim Quarter stretches from the Lion's Gate to the Damascus Gate. Key streets to visit include the Via Dolorosa (Way of Suffering) and El Wad, both of which are lined with shops selling a variety of goods. However, if you wander away from the main streets and get lost in the quiet alleyways, you will encounter remarkable buildings showcasing medieval Islamic architecture, some dating back to the Mamluk period (1250-1516). The Via Dolorosa, which runs through the neighborhood from east to west, starts at the St. Stephen's Gate and the Mount of Olives, leading toward the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Christian Quarter. For Christians, this is the route Jesus is believed to have taken on his way to crucifixion. There are significant Christian monuments in the Muslim Quarter. The Monastery of the Flagellation (1920), the Franciscan complex associated with the flogging of Jesus by Roman soldiers, is located here. The Chapel of the Condemnation (20th century) was built on the ruins of a medieval chapel at the site where Jesus was tried before Pontius Pilate. The Church of St. Anne (1131-1138) is traditionally believed to be built on the site of the house of the Virgin Mary's parents, Anne and Joachim. On the Via Dolorosa, the "Ecce Homo" Arch was built by the Romans in 70 AD as a victory monument. Nearby is the Monastery of the Sisters of Zion (1860), where Christian tradition holds that Pilate presented Jesus to the crowd with the words "Ecce Homo" (Behold the Man). The Via Dolorosa leads through the Arch to El Wad Street. Many buildings in the area are examples of Mamluk architecture, such as the Lady Tunsuq Palace and the Cotton Merchant Market. On the street of the Chain Gate (in Arabic, Tariq Bab El-Silsila), you can find several notable buildings constructed by the Mamluks in the 14th century. Impressive gates include the Damascus Gate, known to Arabs as Bab El-Amoud ("Gate of the Pillar") because of the large pillar with the statue of Emperor Hadrian that once stood at the top during Roman times. The Jewish Sha'ar Shechem gate leads to the biblical city of Shechem (known as Nablus in Arabic, Neapolis in Greek). This gate was built on the ruins of the original Roman gate. The Herod's Gate, or Bab El-Zara (meaning "Gate of the Flowers" due to the floral design above the arch), is named by Arabs as such, while Jews call it Sha'ar a-Prahim, meaning "Gate of the Flowers." Christians believed that the house behind the gate was the residence of King Herod, thus it is called "Herod's Gate." The Crusaders entered the city through this gate in 1099. The Saint Stephen's Gate, built in 1538 by Suleiman the Magnificent, is known in Arabic as Bab Siti Mariam ("Gate of the Virgin Mary") due to the proximity of the Virgin Mary's tomb in the Valley of Jehoshaphat. For Jews, it is called Sha'ar a-‘Arayot ("Gate of the Lions") because of the lion statues on both sides of the gate. During the medieval period, Christians called it the Gate of St. Stephen because they believed this was the location where the first martyr, Stephen, was stoned to death in 34 AD.
Εντυπωσιακό και το Haram al-Sharif (Το Ευγενές Ιερό) ή Όρος του Ναού κατά τους Εβραίους, το σήμα κατατεθέν της πόλης. Είναι μια τεράστια ορθογώνια πλατεία στο νοτιοανατολικό τμήμα της Παλιάς Πόλης, και σύμφωνα με την παράδοση, εδώ βρίσκονταν ο Ναός του Σολομώντα. Στο κέντρο της πλατείας βρίσκεται το μεγάλο Ισλαμικό Ιερό, ο "Θόλος του Βράχου", που με την οικοδόμησή του το 691 μ.Χ. μετατράπηκε στο τρίτο σημαντικότερο ιερό της Ισλαμικής θρησκείας. Όλη η πλατεία αποτελεί ένα μουσείο ισλαμικής αρχιτεκτονικής με πολλά μνημεία, όπως το τζαμί Αλ-Ακσα, που χτίστηκε στις αρχές του 8ου αιώνα και παραμένει ο κύριος χώρος λατρείας της Ισλαμικής θρησκείας. Επίσης, το Σαμπίλ του Καϊτμπέη, μια μοναδική δημόσια κρήνη που χτίστηκε με διαταγή του σουλτάνου Καϊτμπέη (1468-1498), η Σχολή Ανώτερης Εκπαίδευσης (γνωστή και ως "Θόλος της Γνώσης") που διδάσκει το Κοράνι μέχρι και σήμερα, και η Κρήνη Ελ-Κας, κατασκευασμένη το 1320 από ένα μοναδικό κομμάτι πέτρας.
Μερικά ακόμη αξιοθέατα περιλαμβάνουν τα "Κανατίρ", τις αψίδες πάνω στις οκτώ σκάλες που οδηγούν στον Θόλο του Βράχου και αποκαλούνται "μαουαζίν" (ζυγαριές). Σύμφωνα με τη μουσουλμανική παράδοση, η Ημέρα της Δευτέρας Παρουσίας θα φέρει τον ζυγό για να ζυγίσει τις ψυχές των ανθρώπων από αυτές τις αψίδες. Σπουδαία αριστουργήματα ισλαμικής αρχιτεκτονικής περιλαμβάνουν και τα Μεντεσέδες, τα ισλαμικά εκκλησιαστικά σχολεία: το Ασραφίγια (1842), τον Ουτμανίγια, τον Ισορντίγια και τον Μαλεκίγια (14ος αιώνας). Το κυριότερο αξιοθέατο είναι ο "Θόλος του Βράχου", που χτίστηκε το 688-691 και θεωρείται από τα μεγαλύτερα επιτεύγματα της ισλαμικής αρχιτεκτονικής, εμπνευσμένο από το Χριστιανικό "Ναό της Αναστάσεως". Στο κέντρο του τεμένους βρίσκεται ο Βράχος, το σημείο όπου σύμφωνα με την παράδοση ο Αβραάμ θα θυσίαζε τον γιο του, Ισαάκ.
Η εσωτερική πλευρά του θόλου είναι διακοσμημένη με λουλούδια και επιγραφές, τα παράθυρα είναι περίτεχνα βιτρό και τα εξωτερικά πλακίδια του τοίχου είναι του 1545, αντίγραφα περσικών πλακιδίων. Οι τοίχοι που περικλείουν την πλατεία Χαράμ αλ-Σαρίφ φτάνουν τα 65 μέτρα ύψος και υπάρχουν 7 πύλες που οδηγούν στο εσωτερικό της. Οι πιο σημαντικές είναι η Πύλη των Μαυριτανών (Μπαμπ Ελ-Μαγκαρίμπα), η μόνη είσοδος για μη μουσουλμάνους, και η Χρυσή Πύλη, γνωστή στους Άραβες ως "Πύλη της Αιώνιας Ζωής". Σύμφωνα με την εβραϊκή παράδοση, από αυτήν την πύλη θα εισέλθει ο Μεσσίας στην Ιερουσαλήμ. Η Πύλη είναι σφραγισμένη από τον 7ο αιώνα από τους μουσουλμάνους, αλλά παραμένει από τα πιο γοητευτικά σημεία της Ιερουσαλήμ, παρά το γεγονός ότι η περιοχή φιλοξενεί σήμερα τα φτωχότερα σπίτια της πόλης.
Impressive is the Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary), or Temple Mount to the Jews, the city’s landmark. It is a vast rectangular square located in the southeastern part of the Old City, and according to tradition, this is where the Temple of Solomon once stood. At the center of the square stands the grand Islamic sanctuary, the "Dome of the Rock," which, upon its construction in 691 AD, became the third most important shrine in Islam. The entire area is a museum of Islamic architecture with many monuments, such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, built in the early 8th century and remains the primary place of worship for Muslims. Also, the Sabil of Qaitbay, a unique public fountain built under the order of Sultan Qaitbay (1468–1498), the Higher Educational School (also known as the "Dome of Knowledge") that still teaches the Quran, and the El-Kas Fountain, built in 1320 from a single piece of stone.
Other notable attractions include the "Canatir," arches above the eight stairs leading to the Dome of the Rock, also called "mawazin" (scales). According to Muslim tradition, on the Day of Judgment, the scales that God will use to weigh the souls of the dead will hang from these arches. Great masterpieces of Islamic architecture also include the Madrasas: the Asrafiya (1842), the Uthmaniya, the Isordiya, and the Malikiya (14th century). The main attraction is the "Dome of the Rock," built between 688 and 691, considered one of the greatest achievements of Islamic architecture, inspired by the Christian "Church of the Holy Sepulchre." At the center of the mosque lies the Rock, where, according to tradition, Abraham was to sacrifice his son Isaac.
The interior of the dome is decorated with flowers and inscriptions, the windows are intricately designed stained glass, and the exterior wall tiles date back to 1545, replicas of Persian tiles. The walls surrounding the Haram al-Sharif square reach a height of 65 meters, and there are seven gates leading into the complex. The most important ones are the Gate of the Moroccans (Bab al-Magharebah), the only entrance through which non-Muslims are allowed, and the Golden Gate, known to Arabs as the "Gate of Eternal Life." According to Jewish tradition, the Messiah will enter Jerusalem through this gate. The Gate has been sealed since the 7th century by the Muslims but remains one of the most captivating places in Jerusalem, despite the fact that the area now hosts some of the city’s poorest houses.
Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:
Δημοσίευση σχολίου