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The Thermopylae (Thermopylai in Ancient Greek and Katharevousa) is a mountain pass in Greece. The area gets its name from nearby hot springs and the narrow, difficult passes through which one could approach the area, the gates, which were the Eastern, Middle, and Western gates. This name seems to have been derived from the mythical hero Hercules, who plunged into the waters of the springs to relieve himself from the pain caused by the poisoned shirt of Nessus that had become stuck to his body. Since then, fumes have emerged from the springs. For the Ancient Greeks, this place was sacred. There was also a double spring dedicated to Persephone the Scyllia Spring, at the foot of the gorge, next to the Middle Gate, the narrowest part of the Thermopylae. The Thermopylae are primarily known for the Battle of Thermopylae, in 480 BC, between the Greek and Persian armies. In the time of Leonidas, in 480 BC, the pass was a narrow path (about 12 meters wide) beneath the hill, which the Greek soldiers attempted to exploit strategically to block the overwhelming Persian army. Today, the pass of Thermopylae spans from 1.5 to 3 kilometers in width, due to deposits at the mouth of the Spercheios River. The hot springs, from which the pass gets its name, still exist at the foot of the hill. The Battle of Thermopylae took place in 480 BC (alongside the Battle of Artemisium) between the Greeks and the Persians, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persians had been defeated at Marathon ten years earlier, which is why they planned a second campaign, led by Xerxes. The Athenian politician and general Themistocles persuaded the Greeks to block the passes of Thermopylae and Artemisium. The Persians, who according to ancient sources had an army of millions of men and according to modern sources, between one hundred and three hundred thousand, reached the pass at the beginning of September. After four days of waiting, the Persians attacked, but the Greeks resisted for two days. On the third day, Ephialtes led the Persians behind the Greeks. When Leonidas, the king of Sparta (of the Agiad dynasty), learned of this, he released the allied forces to organize a new defense further south, leaving only elite and volunteer troops, in addition to the legendary 300 Spartans, meaning 900 to 1000 Lacedaemonian Perioeci, possibly also with Helots (descendants of the conquered Achaeans), 400 Thebans, and 700 Thespians under the leadership of Demophilus, son of Diadromus. The Persians destroyed the entire force that remained on the battlefield. The Battle of Thermopylae is one of the most important battles in both Greek and world history. From an ethical standpoint, it is a brilliant example of self-sacrifice, selflessness, and devotion to the homeland.
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